Okusoomoozebwa okukulu okw’obusannyalazo-Hardened Crystal Oscillators: Mu-Okwekenenya mu buziba bwa dozi ya Ionizing yonna n’ebikosa ekintu kimu-Event

Okulaba: Obulung’amu bwa Crystal Oscillators mu mbeera z’obusannyalazo

Nga "okukuba kw'omutima" kw'ensengekera z'obusannyalazo, ebiwujjo bya kirisitaalo byolekagana n'okusoomoozebwa okw'enjawulo mu mbeera z'obusannyalazo obw'amaanyi-. Omusingi gwazo gulimu ebiwujjo bya piezoelectric ne precision oscillation circuits, ebiddamu emisinde nga biyita mu nkola ez’enjawulo, naye okuddamu kwombi ku nkomerero kweyolekera muokutebenkera kwa frequency, ekiraga omulimu omukulu. Ebikosa emisinde okusinga byawulwamu ebika bibiri:ekikolwa kya ddoozi ya ionizing (TID) yonnaekyo kireeta okuvunda mpolampola, eraekintu ekimu-ekikolwa ekibaawo (SEE) .ekyo kivaako okulemererwa okw’amangu.

Ekitundu 1: Total Ionizing Dose Effect – "Okukaddiwa okutambula obutasalako" kwa Crystal Oscillators

1.1 Okwonoonebwa okw’okukuŋŋaanyizibwa ku Kiristaalo Yennyini

Ekikolwa kya ddoozi ya ionizing yonna kiva ku kukuŋŋaanyizibwa kw’amasoboza wansi w’okubeera mu bbanga eddene-okubeera mu butangaavu obuyitibwa ionizing radiation, ekivaako ebika bibiri ebikulu eby’okwonooneka ku kirisitaalo za quartz:

Okutondebwa kw’obulema bwa Lattice okugenda mu maaso

Emisinde gireeta okwonooneka kw’okusengulwa munda mu kirisitaalo, ne gisengula atomu okuva mu bifo byabwe ebya lattice

Ebikyamu nga ebifo ebikalu ne atomu ez’omu makkati bikuŋŋaanyizibwa okumala ekiseera

Ebikyamu bino bikyusa obutakyukakyuka bwa kirisitaalo (elastic constants) n’ebikolwa by’okutikka amasasi

Ebikosa obutereevu:enkyukakyuka ya frequency ya resonant mu nkolaneokukyusakyusa kwa frequency-temperature characteristic curve

Okukung’aanya kwa Charge ku Surfaces ne Interfaces

Ionizing radiation ekola charges ezitakyukakyuka ku crystal surfaces ne electrode interfaces

Okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kwa chajingi kukyusa embeera z’ensalosalo z’oludda lwa kirisitaalo

Okwongera okufiirwa n’okusaasaana kw’okusaasaana kw’amayengo g’amaloboozi

Ebikosa obutereevu:okukendeeza ku nsonga y’omutindo (omuwendo gwa Q) .neokwonooneka kw’oluyoogaano lwa phase

1.2 Ebikosa ebigenda mu maaso ku nkulungo z’okuwuguka

Ebitundu ebikola n’ebitakola mu nkulungo z’okuwuguka bikendeera n’okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kwa ddoozi:

Parameter Drift y'Ebyuma Ebikola

Systematic drift ya MOSFET threshold voltage, okukyusa ekifo kya bias (bias point) ya circuit y’okuwuguka

Okukendeera mu transconductance ya transistor, ekivaako okukendeera kwa loop gain margin

Ebikosa obutereevu:obuzibu mu kutandikawo emirimu, okukendeeza ku amplitude y’ebifulumizibwa, neoscillation stop mu mbeera ez’amaanyi

Okweyongera okw’ekitalo mu Kasannyalazo k’okukulukuta

Ebisannyalazo ebikwatiddwa okisayidi-bireeta okweyongera kw’akasannyalazo akakulukuta mu nkulungo za PN n’emiryango

Okulinnya okw’amaanyi mu nkozesa y’amaanyi agatali gakyukakyuka (static power consumption) mu circuit

Okwongera mu maloboozi g’ebbugumu n’okukendeera kw’omutindo gw’amaloboozi ga phase

Ebikosa obutereevu:amaanyi agakozesebwa okusukka ku biragironeobugulumivu bw’amaloboozi wansi

Enkyukakyuka mu Parameter mu Feedback Networks

Radiation-sensitive parameters za load capacitors ne resistors zikyuka

Ekyusa embeera z’okukyusakyusa phase (phase shift) za oscillator

Ebikosa obutereevu:okuva mu firikwensi wakatineokukendeera kw’obuwanvu bw’okutuunya

Ekitundu 2: Single-Event Effect – "Okulumbibwa omutima okw'amangu" okwa Crystal Oscillators

2.1 Ebikosa obutereevu ku Yuniti za Kiristaalo

Okwonoonebwa kw’okusengulwa okw’ekiseera ekitono

Ekitundu kimu eky’amasoboza amangi-(ion enzito oba pulotoni ow’amasoboza amangi-) kiyingira mu kirisitaalo

Akola okwonooneka kwa lattice okw’ekitundu okuyita mu nkola y’obutundutundu

Kireeta enkyukakyuka mu situleesi ey’ekiseera mu kitundu

Ebikosa obutereevu:okubuuka kwa frequency mu kaseera ako, ekiyinza okuddamu okutereera ekitundu oluvannyuma

Effect y’okutereka omusango

Obutoffaali buteeka emisanvu munda mu kirisitaalo, ne bukola ekifo ky’amasannyalaze ekiyitawo

Ekyusibwa okufuuka okunyigirizibwa okw’ebyuma okw’ekiseera okuyita mu nkola ya piezoelectric

Ebikosa obutereevu:okubuuka mu mutendera (phase jump).neokwonooneka okw’amaanyi okw’obutebenkevu bwa frequency obw’ekiseera ekitono-

2.2 Okuyingirira okw’amangu mu nkulungo z’okuwuguka

Single-Event Transient (SET) mu Nkulungirivu za Analog

Obutundutundu bw’amasoboza amangi-bukuba ekiyungo kya amplifier oba bias circuit ku musingi gwa oscillator

Okukola ‘transient current pulses’ ku layini z’amasannyalaze oba layini za siginiini

Obugazi bwa pulse buva ku makumi ga picoseconds okutuuka ku microseconds eziwerako

Ebikosa obutereevu:

Superimposed instantaneous glitches ku nkula y’amayengo agafuluma

Okusalako okw’amangu okw’okugenda mu maaso kwa phase

Okufiirwa okuyinza okubaawo kwa phase-locked loop (PLL) okwa lock oba clock synchronization okulemererwa

Single-Event Upset (SEU) mu Logic y'okufuga

Okukyusakyusa bit kubaawo mu bitundu ebifuga digito (okugeza, registers z’okutuunya frequency, ebigambo ebifuga mode) .

Ensengeka z'okusengeka zikyusibwa mu ngeri etasuubirwa

Ebikosa obutereevu:

Frequency y’okufulumya ebuuka okutuuka ku muwendo omukyamu

Okukyusakyusa mu ngeri etaali ya bulijjo mu ngeri y’emirimu

Kiyinza okwetaagisa okuddamu okusengeka okuzzaawo emirimu

Ebiva mu katyabaga olw'okukwata ekintu kimu-Event Latchup (SEL) .

Ensengekera za PNPN ez’ebiwuka zisindikibwa, ne zikola ekkubo eddene erya kasasiro

Current yeeyongera nnyo (eyinza okusukka emirundi 100 ku muwendo ogwa bulijjo)

Ebikosa obutereevu:

Okulemererwa okujjuvu kw’emirimu gya circuit

Okudduka okw’ebbugumu kuyinza okuvaako okwonooneka okw’olubeerera

Okuvuga obugaali bw’amasannyalaze kikakatako okusobola okudda engulu

Ekitundu 3: Enkola ez’enjawulo ez’obukuumi ku Crystal Oscillators

3.1 Ebipimo eby’enjawulo ku Total Ionizing Dose Effect

Okulonda Ebikozesebwa mu Kiristaayo mu ngeri Ennungi

Twala obusannyalazo-obutafaali obukaluba: okugeza, SC-okusala kwa kkooti eraga okuziyiza emisinde okulungi okusinga AT-okusala kwa kkooti

Obukodyo obw’enjawulo obw’okulongoosa: okubugumya haidrojeni n’enkola endala okukendeeza ku bulema bwa kirisitaalo obusooka

Okunoonyereza ku bintu ebipya: ebintu ebirala nga lithium niobate phosphate (LNB) biraga omulimu ogw’oku ntikko mu bbandi za frequency ezimu

Design ya Circuit Enkaluba

Kozesa ebyuma bya semikondokita ebikoleddwa n’enkola ezikaluba mu masanyalaze-

Dizayini redundant bias circuits okusobola okusasula otomatika threshold voltage drift

Teeka mu nkola enteekateeka y’okugumiikiriza okukakasa nti ekola mu ngeri eya bulijjo mu bbanga lya parameter drift

Muteekemu okulondoola akasannyalazo akakulukuta n’okuliyirira circuits

Okulongoosa Enzimba y’Ebizimbe

Okulongoosa okupakinga kwa kirisitaalo okukendeeza ku nkozesa y’ebintu ebikwatagana n’obusannyalazo-

Okulongoosa dizayini y’obusannyalazo n’enkola z’okuyunga okukendeeza ku kukuŋŋaanyizibwa kw’obusannyalazo mu nsengekera

Siiga ebizigo eby’enjawulo okukendeeza ku bikolwa eby’okungulu

3.2 Ebigonjoola eby’enjawulo ku bikolwa by’ekintu kimu-Ekibaddewo

Ebizimbe-Obukuumi bwa Circuit obw'omutendera

Teeka mu nkola circuits z’okusengejja n’okusengejja (hysteresis circuits) mu makubo agakulu aga analog

Twala triple modular redundancy (TMR) n’okuzza obuggya buli luvannyuma lwa kiseera ku bitundu ebifuga digito

Dizayini enkola z’okuzuula amangu n’okuzzaawo

Kozesa enkoodi y'okuzuula n'okutereeza ensobi (EDAC) okukuuma data y'okusengeka

Okulongoosa Enteekateeka y’Ensengeka

Okwongerako empeta z’abakuumi okwetooloola ennyiriri ezikwatagana

Twala ensengeka ya bulijjo-centroid okukendeeza ku bikolwa bya gradient

Okulongoosa emikutu gy’okusaasaanya amasannyalaze okukendeeza ku buzibu bwa latchup

Kozesa sayizi z’ebyuma ennene ku transistors ezikulu okwongera ku charge enkulu

Enkola-Enkola z'okukendeeza ku mutindo

Dizayini enzimba ya multi-oscillator etali ya mugaso ewagira okukyusakyusa okw'ebbugumu

Teeka mu nkola okulondoola emirundi egy'ekiseera ekituufu-n'okuzuula obutali bumativu

Okukola enkola ezikwatagana (adaptive algorithms) okuzuula n’okuliyirira ebiva mu kiseera ekitono

Okukola ku-obukodyo bw'okuddaabiriza enzirukanya, omuli okuddamu okulongoosa parameter n'okuzzaawo ensobi

3.3 Ebyetaago eby’enjawulo eby’okugezesa n’okukakasa

Enkola z’okugezesa obusannyalazo ku Crystal Oscillators

Okulondoola okw’ekiseera ekiwanvu-okutebenkera kwa frequency: okwekenneenya emitendera gy’okuvunda wansi w’ekikolwa kya ddoozi ya ionizing yonna

Okupima ebiseera ebituufu-eby’amaloboozi ga phase: okuzuula ebifaananyi eby’engeri z’ebikolwa eby’ekiseera

Mu-okugezesa ebikondo: koppa ebikosa ebituufu eby'ebikolwa by'ekintu kimu-ekibaawo

Okugezesa obulamu mu bwangu: lagula obwesigwa obw'ekiseera ekiwanvu-

Ebikulu Ebitunuuliddwa mu Kugezesa

Enkolagana curve wakati wa frequency offset ne total ionizing dose

Engeri y’enjawulo mu spektrum y’amaloboozi ga phase

Okukendeera kw’obudde bw’okutandika n’obudde bw’okutebenkeza

Obusobozi okukuuma obulungi bw’enkula y’amayengo agafuluma

Okumaliriza: A Systems Engineering of Balance and Optimization

Okukaluba kw’obusannyalazo (radiation hardening) kwa crystal oscillators ye yinginiya w’ensengekera eyeetaaga okusuubula-offs mu mitendera mingi:

Enzikiriziganya Wakati w’Ebikozesebwa n’Enkola

Trade-off wakati w’obuziyiza bw’obusannyalazo bw’ebintu bya kirisitaalo n’okutebenkera kwa frequency

Enzikiriziganya wakati w’eddaala ly’okukaluba kw’enkola za semikondokita okusinziira ku nkozesa y’amaanyi n’embiro

Okusuubula-offs mu Circuit Design

Enzikiriziganya wakati w’okulongoosa obwesigwa okuva mu kukuuma okukendeeza ku bungi n’okwongera ku buzibu n’okukozesa amaanyi

Trade-off wakati w'amaanyi g'ebipimo by'obukuumi n'ebiziyiza omuwendo n'obunene

Okulongoosa Enzimba y’Enkola

Enteekateeka y'okukolagana ey'obukuumi obw'emitendera mingi-

Hardware-software integrated ensobi-obukodyo bw'okugumiikiriza

Okugatta okulondoola ku yintaneeti n’okutereeza embeera

Mu nkomerero, obuwanguzi bwa radiation-hardened crystal oscillator design yeesigamye ku kutegeera okutuufu okw’embeera y’okukozesa entongole, awamu n’okulowooza mu bujjuvu ku nkola, obwesigwa, n’omuwendo. Olw’okukulaakulanya ebintu ebipya, enkola ez’omulembe, n’enkola ez’amagezi ez’okuliyirira, omulimu gw’ebiwujjo bya kirisitaalo mu mbeera z’obusannyalazo obusukkiridde gujja kwongera okunywezebwa, okuwa omusingi omunywevu ennyo ogw’okujuliza obudde ku nnimiro ez’obwesigwa obw’amaanyi-nga okunoonyereza mu bwengula obuwanvu n’okukozesa amaanyi ga nukiriya.

Okwekenenya kuno okugendereddwamu n'enkola z'obukuumi zikakasa nti "okukuba kw'omutima" kw'enkola eno kusigala nga kunywevu era nga kwesigika ne mu mbeera z'obusannyalazo obuzibu ennyo.