I. Ennyanjula
Crystal oscillators, nga core frequency control components, zikozesebwa nnyo mu byuma by’amakolero, enkola z’okulondoola obukuumi, ebyuma eby’obujjanjabi, ebyuma by’emmotoka, ebyuma eby’omu maka ebigezi, n’emirimu emirala. Okusinziira ku ndowooza ya macro, okuzimba ebikozesebwa mu by’amawulire mu nsi yonna kukwatagana mu butonde n’enkulaakulana ya crystal oscillators. Ekiwandiiko kino kyekennenya mu nkola enkulaakulana ya tekinologiya eya crystal oscillators-okuva ku kuzuula ekikolwa kya piezoelectric effect okutuuka ku nano-scale packaging-nga kibikkula engeri gye zivuze enkulaakulana ya tekinologiya w’omuntu okuyita mu nkyukakyuka nnya ez’amakolero.
II. Ebyafaayo by’enkulaakulana ya Crystal Oscillators
1. Ekiseera ky’okutegeera kwa tekinologiya
Mu 1880, ab’oluganda Jacques ne Pierre Curie baazuula nti okussa okunyigirizibwa okw’ebyuma ku bipande bya kirisitaalo ebya quartz kyavaamu okusengulwa kw’amasannyalaze, ne bateesa endowooza yaekikolwa kya piezoelectric.
Enkola ya Piezoelectric Effect: Puleesa bw’eteekebwa ku bintu bya piezoelectric, enjawulo ya potential y’amasannyalaze ekolebwa (emanyiddwa nga...ekikolwa kya piezoelectric obutereevu). Okwawukana ku ekyo, okussaako vvulovumenti kivaamu okunyigirizibwa okw’ebyuma (theekikolwa kya piezoelectric ekikyusiddwa). Singa puleesa erimu okukankana kwa frequency enkulu-frequency, ekola amasannyalaze aga frequency enkulu-frequency. Siginini z’amasannyalaze eza frequency enkulu- bwe ziteekebwa ku seramiki za piezoelectric, zikola obubonero bw’amaloboozi obwa frequency enkulu- (okukankana okw’ebyuma), obumanyiddwa ennyo ngaobubonero obw’amaloboozi aga ultrasonic.
Mu 1918, Paul Langevin yanoonyereza ng’akozesa obupande bwa quartz crystal okukola enkola za sonar ezasooka okuzuula ennyanja ennene. Kino kyali kizingiramu okugatta emirimu gya sonar mingi okusobola okukola amawulire mu bujjuvu n’okufuga mu kifo ekimu okusobola okutuukiriza ebyetaago by’obukodyo, omuli okuzuula obulagirizi bw’amaloboozi, echo ranging, okuzuula omukka gwa sonar, okuzuula ekigendererwa, n’okulabula torpedo. Langevin yakozesa X-cut quartz plates okukola n’okuzuula amayengo g’amaloboozi agali wansi w’amazzi.
Mu 1921, Pulofeesa W. G. Cady owa Wesleyan University yafuna patent y’ekintu ekiyitibwa quartz crystal oscillator. Patent ye yakozesanga quartz crystal resonators okufuga oscillator frequency era n’ennyonnyola quartz bars/plates nga omutindo gwa frequency ne filters. Bwe kityo, Cady amanyiddwa nnyo ng’eyasooka okukozesa obutafaali bwa kkooti okufuga firikwensi mu nkulungo za oscillator.
Mu 1923, Professor wa Harvard G. W. Pierce yakola ekiyungo kya kirisitaalo ekiwugulaza nga kiteeka kirisitaalo wakati wa giridi ne anode ya vacuum tube valve-entandikwa y’ensengekera ya Pierce oscillator.
Mu 1925, Westinghouse Electric yateekawo ekyuma ekiyitibwa crystal oscillator nga main oscillator ku leediyo yaabwe eya KDKA.
Van Dyke yakola enkola ya circuit eyenkanankana eya quartz crystal resonators. Circuit eno erina frequency bbiri eziwuuma:firikwensi y’okuwuuma ey’omuddiring’anwa (fs), ettabi lya Lg-Cg-Rg gye liwuuma, erafirikwensi y’okuwuuma okukwatagana (fp), okuwuuma kw’enkulungo okutwalira awamu. Okuva Cg < C0, frequency zino ziri kumpi nnyo. Engeri ya reactance-frequency eraga enneeyisa ya inductive wakati wa fs ne fp, n’enneeyisa ya capacitive awalala.
Mu 1926, obuwundo obusaliddwa Y- bwazuulibwa era ne bukozesebwa. Okutuusa olwo, kirisitaalo za kooti ezisaliddwa X-zokka ze zaakozesebwa. Nga kirisitaalo ezisaliddwa X- zirina omugerageranyo gw’ebbugumu ogwa ~-20ppm/ diguli , kirisitaalo ezisaliddwa Y zaayoleka ~+100ppm/ diguli , ekiraga nti okusala kwa kirisitaalo okw’enjawulo kuyinza okuvaamu emigerageranyo gy’ebbugumu egy’enjawulo.
Mu 1927, Warren Marrison owa Bell Labs yakola omutindo gwa quartz crystal oscillator ogwasooka.
Mu 1928, Warren Marrison yatonda essaawa eyasooka eya quartz crystal mu Bell Telephone Laboratories. Essaawa za quartz zadda mu kifo kya essaawa za pendulum ezituufu nga essaawa ezisinga obutuufu mu nsi yonna (okutuusa ku ssaawa za atomu).
Essaawa za atomukozesa amayengo g’amasannyalaze agafulumizibwa mu kiseera ky’okunyiga/okufulumya amasoboza ga atomu okusobola okuteekawo obudde, okutuuka ku butuufu bwa ~1 second error buli myaka obukadde 20-mu kiseera kino kye kimu ku bikozesebwa ebisinga obutuufu mu nsi yonna mu kukuuma obudde.
Mu 1934, AT- ne BT-cut quartz crystal resonators zavaayo, nga zeetongodde zizuulibwa Lack/Willard/Fair (USA), Koga (Japan), ne Beckmann/Straubel (Germany).
2. Ekiseera kya R&D: Okukola mu bungi kwa Crystal Oscillators
Mu 1950, essaawa za atomu zaakolebwa. Essaawa za quartz zatuuka ku butuufu obusinga obunene obwa sikonda emu mu myaka 30 (30ms/yr). Bell Labs ye yatandikawo enkola ya hydrothermal okukula kwa quartz crystal ku mutindo ogw’ettunzi-.
3. Ekiseera ky’enkulaakulana: Batch Production & Shift okuva ku Military okudda mu Civilian Use
Mu 1968, Juergen Staudte owa North American Aviation yayiiya enkola ya photolithography okukola ebiwujjo bya quartz crystal oscillators, okusobozesa okukola obutonotono ku bintu ebikwatibwako ng’essaawa.
Mu 1976, ebiwujjo ebyasooka okusalibwa mu SC- byatandika okubaawo. Okusinga ekozesebwa mu oven-controlled crystal oscillators (OCXOs) olw’omugerageranyo gwazo ogw’ebbugumu ogusinga obulungi ku bbugumu ly’emirimu gya OCXO.
4. Ekiseera ky’enkulaakulana ey’amangu: Enkozesa ey’enjawulo mu byuma bikalimagezi
Okuva mu 1990 okutuuka kati, quartz oscillators zikyuse okuva ku DIP okudda ku SMD packages entono, nga zikyuka okuva ku casings z’ebyuma eby’ennono okudda ku plastic/metal/ceramic encapsulations. Ebyetaago by’obutuufu n’emirundi gyeyongedde, nga kyetaagisa enkola ennungi ey’okukola ebintu. Enkola zagaziwa okuva ku nkozesa ya niche okutuuka ku bintu eby’enjawulo nga 5G, IoT, ebyuma by’emmotoka, ebyobulamu ebigezi, n’ebyuma ebigezi.
III. Okubumbako
Emyaka 70+ okuva mu 1880 okutuuka mu 1956 gyali kiseera kya musingi gwa quartz oscillators, nga zimanyiddwa olw’okuyiiya okumenyawo ettaka n’abayiiya ab’amaanyi. Enkulaakulana ya tekinologiya wa quartz eraga enkola ey’okuzuula, okutegeera, n’okukula mpolampola-enkulaakulana teyinza kwanguyirwa.